Scientists declassified the composition of the espionage inks

The formula of invisible inks, utilized by an East-German secret by the police in order to transfer communications during the Cold War, until now, remained undeciphered.

It is more than fifteen years after a drop in the Berlin Wall and reunification of East and West Germany, scientists assume that finally they found the chemical composition of these inks.

The agents of German special services brought text to the paper through the similar to the carbon paper film, impregnated with chemical substance. Message could read only that person, in which there was another liquid, which makes it possible to appear invisible letters.

A few agents even in the limits of the service of state security knew complete formula both for the writing and for the reading of secret letters from the fear that they can transmit this information to other country.

The confidential archives of German special services were declassified after a drop in the Communist regime and destruction of the Berlin Wall in 1989, but in them not there was instruction, which describes the process of invisible letter.

The historian of the Univeristy of Michigan To kraysti Makrakis and its command, in composition of which worked the chemists, via tests and errors deciphered formula. Chemical reaction was described in one of the documents, discovered in the archive, but it was incomplete. Scientists experimented with different quantities of chemicals. It turned out that pH the factor was decisive for obtaining the secret substance.

Nuclear energy will free the world from the dirty future

The reduction of the ejection of the gas, which produces greenhouse effect, unavoidably will lead to an increase in the price of the electricity, and this will in turn become the reason for the fact that the atomic power plants will become economically more viable. This statement made today the prime minister of Australia John Howard.

According to Howard, the cost of cleaning coal makes WITH AES, undoubtedly, more viable after the report TO UNITED NATIONS supported the use of a fuel for the nuclear fission chain reaction.

The International Atomic Energy Agency, which comes out as the political of the advisers of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD - ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT), warned that without the nuclear energy of the country of peace it awaits "dirty, dangerous and expensive" future, especially because the prices of the oil steadily grow.

In the report TO OECD - ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT is contained the forecast about the fact that the demand in the world for the electric power will be grow, in the subsequent 25 years it will increase more than by 50 percent. As far as AES is concerned, they can soak reduce the emission of carbon dioxide and become the reliable source of electricity.

This forecast appeared the week after Stern's report, who contains warning about the fact that global warming can cost the peace of the same expenditures as both world wars and the Great Depression.

Howard, who actively fights for the development in Australia of nuclear power engineering, noted that OECD - ORGANIZATION FOR ECONOMIC COOPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT for the first time in entire time of its existence decisively came out for the general building AES.

British scientists are intended to scrape man with the cow

British scientists request in the authorities permission to the creation of embryo from the egg cell of cow, into which will be placed human DNA.

Researchers from the university of Newcastle and royal college to London turned themselves into control according to fertilization and embryologies of Great Britain with the request to grant license for conducting of experiments and storage of cells to them.

Scientists would want to use the obtained hybrids for studying stem cells, they are not collected to give to embryo to be developed more several days.

But many political and public workers consider similar experiments as those contradicting ethics and potentially dangerous for the society.

The basic problem of geneticists remains the shortage of the human egg cells, for obtaining which is necessary the agreement of woman- donors to the surgical intervention. Stem cells necessary for the experiment can to extract on the sixth day of the development of embryo, after which genetic material is destroyed. This reason impelled scientists to turn for the permission.

Embryo must be created on the same principle as the cloned sheep of dollies, it to 99.9% is only human. From the egg cell of burenki is moved away entire genetic material, after which into it it is placed BY DNA of man.

The study of stem cells is one of the most urgent and promising trends in the contemporary science. The cells, on basis of which it is possible to grow any tissue of organisms, in the opinion of scientists, will be able soak in the treatment of such illnesses as Alzheimer and Parkinson.

Scientists reveal the secrets of the spider silk

Researchers are assured that this technology completely can be adopted in nature and used with the production of many man-made materials.

In their experiences the professor of engineering the mechanics Garrett Makkinli from Massachusetts Institute of Technology and its student of Nicolas koyich studied the silk of gold krugopryada Nephila clavipes.

This form interested them because cobweb in this krugopryada improbably strong - into it fall the small birds, and fishermen even make from it network.

At that moment, when spider produces thread, it to 30-40% consists of different proteins, and rest - this water. As it described Makkinli, cobweb - surprising invention of nature: although the aqueous solution serves as material for its production, after drying it is converted into not water-soluble fiber.

Researchers focused also attention on the fact that with drying of solution inside the threads the tiny crystal structures, which additionally strengthen cobweb, are formed. Scientists consider that this is the very important special feature, which should be considered with the industrial production of artificial silk. I.e., in it it is simply necessary to add special nanos-particle, and they will make it considerably stronger.

But recently the group of specialists from the university of Oxford under professor Fritz vollrat's management revealed that the process of the formation of silk in spiders in many respects proceeds just as in mulberry silkworms, reports MEMBRANA.

Interestingly not only that that these are completely different essences with the different evolution. Is amazing the fact that the proteins of silk strongly are distinguished, although they possess very similar properties.

Scientists found that the solution, from which these insects create thread, from some parameters is similar to the usual plastic. For example, the researchers focused attention on the fact that with the compression this substance is diluted. This characteristic is necessary in order to pass the solution through the channel, at the output from which, this substance rapidly thickens.

The same property possesses the molten plastic, which was opened even in the 20's of the past century. Therefore it is possible to say that one of the technologies of work with the natural silk in biologists already exists. True, it is unknown, does propose Vollrat any versions of the practical use of its discovery.

Genetics will fight with death in the cradle

American scientists assume that they established the reason of death of babies. According to them, all these cases are connected with the genetic disease, which, in principle, yields to treatment.

A new study showed that 31 babies, mysteriously passed away in the sleep, had the cerebral deviations, connected with control of respiration, cardiac rhythm, blood pressure and activity of central nervous system.

Disturbances, as specialists consider, they concern the ability of the brain stem to receive high carbon-dioxide content and low level of oxygen.

This means that for the babies are especially dangerous the situations, with whom they begin to inhale their own pererabotannoye respiration. The most general cases of mortality from a similar suffocation, when little-ones sleep face down or if face is covered with blanket.

A study showed that if the baby is plotted to sleep to the stomach, this sharply increases the risk of sudden death during the sleep.

Yearly only in Great Britain record about 300 cases of death in the cradle. Mainly perish children younger half a year.

Britons first in the world grew artificial liver

British scientists first in the world grew under laboratory conditions from stem cells the artificial liver.

The technology, which was used with the creation of "minipecheni", by a size into the odnopensovuyu coin, will be developed further in order to create the normally functioning liver of standard size.

According to the scientists, this great reaching will once ensure physicians with all human organs, which can be used for the transplantation.

Researchers from the university of Newcastle created cloth from the blood, undertaken from the umbilical cords of babies.

Mini- organ can be used for checking the new medicines. Similar studies are capable of avoiding such negative consequences, which occurred recently with checking of one of the medicines. Furthermore, the use of the artificially grown liver will make it possible to substantially reduce the tests, conducted for animals.

For five years the small fragments of artificial cloth can be used for restoring the liver, which suffered as a result of injuries, injuries, diseases, destruction under the action of alcohol or as a result of the overdose of paracetamol.

According to the forecasts of experts, the first transplantation of the artificially grown liver can occur already into the next 15 years.

"one hundred million children yearly be born in entire peace, and this one hundred million different it is specific cloths; specifically, these children will provide with cloth me, you and any other person, who does not have its own cloth in the bank of cells ", note Colin makgukin, professor of regenerative medicine from the university of Newcastle.

In Burma they found 100 million year old bee

Discovery coincided in the time with the promulgation of the genetic diagram of honeybee, which demonstrates the unexpected connections with the mammals and the man.

The prehistoric insect, captivated in the drop of wood juice, at least, to 35-45 million years is older than the most ancient of all known, until now, fossilizations of bees. It was found in the mine on the north of Burma and was called name Melittosphex burmensis.

Insect has the characteristic features not only of bee, but also osy, in particular, thin hind legs how it confirms the theory of bee evolution.

Experts consider that the bees being fed by pollen occurred from the predator- wasps, and that precisely the appearance of bees could lead to the stormy propagation of the efflorescent plants over the earth's surface. The conifers, which scatter their seeds downwind, ago in the plant peace reigned of up to 100 million years.

"this very trying of all bees, which we succeeded herself in identifying, and it has some signs of osy, says George Poynar, the professor of zoology from the American Oregon state university, which together with the associates reported discovery on the pages of periodical Science. - but nevertheless this is more bee, than wasp, and it allows for us with a sufficient portion of probability to speak about the time, when were radiated the evolutionary ways of these two types of insects ".

Fossilization is in splendid state; in insect separate hairsprings were preserved, not injured remained the fragments of small pile, abdomen and head. Are well visible also paws and wings, the BBC reports.

It is very small according to the size: the diameter of its abdomen hardly reaches 3 millimeters, and this proves theory about the fact that the first flowers were also very small.

"this fossilization can soak to us understand, when osy, which are been in essence carnivorous, began to be converted into the bees, that pollinate plants and fulfilling completely different biological functions", says professor poynar.

Today in the world are counted about 20 thousand varieties of bees, which feed its posterity with pollen.

Scientists understood, why we see world without interference

The association of scientists from THE USA, Japan, Italy and Australia, into which enters the group under John kollinson's management from university to Aberdeen, made the important discovery: was discovered the substance, which impedes the formation of vessels in the cornea of eye - the front transparent part of outer covering.

Paradox for the contemporary scientists consisted in the fact that was known about the presence in the cornea of the large quantity of substance, which stimulates formation of new blood vessels - factor of an increase in the endothelium of vessels Vegf- A. However, cornea remains transparent, giving to us the possibility without the interferences to see peace. On the data of researchers, the formation of vessels in the cornea prevents the protein by the name sVEGFR-1, which suppresses activity Vegf- A.

Scientists studied the genetic disease, with which is observed an increase in the vessels in the cornea. It turned out that this illness is connected with the damage of the gene, which codes protein VEGFR1. Disease easily was cured, when the preparations, which contain this protein, buried by patient.

Scientists hope that the discovery the protein, which suppresses an increase in the vessels, can lead to the creation of fundamentally new medicines for treating of cancer, heart diseases, rheumatoid arthritis, strokes and eye diseases.

Australians found the place of the origin of the earliest life

Australian researchers revealed evidence of the fact that the pulled to 8.000 kilometers "supers-mountain", there is no time so high as the Himalayas, steel one of the first sources of life on the Earth.

These mountains covered the prehistoric supercontinent Of gondvana, which more lately was decomposed, after forming modern Australia, Africa, Antarctica, New Zealand, South America and Arabia, counts Rik squire from the department of geophysical studies Of the mel'burnskeyeo university Of monash.

Doctor skvayr together with other three scientists studied the formation of the deposits of gold in the mine Of steyvell in the West of the staff of Victorias. Specifically, there was made discovery.

Researchers with the aid of the spectrometer determine the age of the mineral of zircon. The tracks of zircon, very similar by the age and the composition, were found in the sandstone on all continents, which there is no time composed Gondvanu.

Scientists consider that probably this sand - part of the now destroyed super-mountain, which arose with the collision of the eastern and western parts Of gondvany, approximately 500-650 million years ago.

The subsequent erosion of the mountain range contributed to the discharge into the ocean of an enormous quantity of chemical elements, including iron, phosphorus, magnesium and calcium. "gigantic rivers washed away this entire sand, partially washed off it into the ocean, and partially they detained on the coast Of gondvany. This changed the chemical composition of ocean ", count researchers.

"we assume that this process ensured the large inflow of the nutrients, which led to the bloom of gigantic algae and plants, which became the source of food, and it means and by possibility for a radical increase in the animal life".

In detail the results of a study are published in the last number of the geological periodical Earth and Planetary Science Letters.

In Kansas the rare meteorite is discovered

For scientists it was possible to reveal rare meteorite in the wheaten field in the state of Kansas.

For detecting the "space rarity" was used the new, so-called penetrating radar technology, which could be used somewhere... on Mars.

However in order to extract meteorite from the earth, by scientist it was necessary to use very commonplace tools - small brushes and sovochkami. And all this in order to maximally preserve the tracks of the action of the impact of meteorite.

Meteorite Brenham, in the opinion of scientists, encountered with the Earth more than 10 thousand years ago in the epoch of Pleistocene.

According to the director of the division of astronomy of the Houston museum of the natural science Of kerolin Of samners, "possibly, the natives of America saw its drop".

Less than 1% meteorites of those detected on the Earth relate to the type of pallasites. This is the sufficiently rare type of the iron- rock meteorites, which consist of an approximately identical quantity of nikelistogo iron and olivine. Pallasites have the unique internal structure, which indicates that they were formed in the absence of any significant gravitational force. Scientists consider that such meteorites are the fragments of the destroyed small planets or large asteroids.

The most complex detectors of metal in the section of search showed the presence of a certain object, as hoped scientists, desired pallasite. Happiness of scientists is somewhat tarnished, when geo-radar (Ground Penetrating Radar) instead of the meteorite revealed steel cable.

Nevertheless, scientists continued searches, and at the depth more than meter underground was discovered precisely meteorite, by weight about 70 kilograms.

Technology GPR was used earlier for detecting the meteorites in Antarctica, where it makes possible for sound signal to penetrate ice to significant depths, and to obtain the precise exploded view of the object of that being being located even is deep underground. Scientists are intended to use similar geo-radars for detecting of meteorites or water on Mars.

Among the birds and the bees there are representatives of sex-minorities

The colleagues of the museum of natural science to Oslo it arrived at the conclusion that the homosexuality among the people cannot be considered as unnatural phenomenon.

The exhibits of the first world exhibition, dedicated to homosexuality among animals, prove, that among the bees and the birds there can be the representatives of sexual minorities.

Documents represented on the exhibition tell about the homosexual or lesbian behavior among the giraffes, the parrots, the beetles, the whales and the set other living beings.

The director of exhibition "against nature" Of geyr Of soyeli said to agency Reuters: "homosexuality - normal phenomenon among more than 1500 it is specific animals, and it is well investigated based on example 500 it is specific. Speaking about the reasons for homosexuality in the living beings, it explained that this is sexual amusement for them.

Of soyeli it also noted that the Dutch zoo once organized excursions so that the visitors could ponablyudat' after the homosexual behavior of the inhabitants of zoo.

Scientists calculated the date of the end of humanity

Scientists calculated, when representatives of homo sapience eliminate themselves as species of this to the Earth. In their opinion, this will occur on 31 October of 2.252.006 years. From the date of apocalypse us are separated some two with fourth of million years.

The geologists and paleonthologists came to this conclusion, studying in Spain the minerals of fossilization, whose age exceeds 22 million years.

Appraisal group established that the average life expectancy of mammals - 2,5 million years, the contemporary person of its 250.000 years already of "ottrubil".

As note the specialists from The utrekhtskeyeo university, work of whom leads Jaehn van dam, every 2,5 million years under the action of different astronomical factors occurs the shift of the earth's orbit.

This shift does not give the possibility to the Earth to approach the sun up to the necessary distance, which leads to the cooling on gigantic scales. As writes periodical Nature, the nearest glacial period is capable to destroy human life.

Scientists refuted the "law of sandwich"

Sandwich always falls by butter downward. This assertion became for many law, and, it would seem, it is not refuted. But scientists explained, how precisely it is necessary to grease bread by butter in order to once and for all change the so-called "law of sandwich".

The group of scientists proved that if we smear butter to the bread at the specific angle, it is rapid with the pressure, then it changes its form and becomes concave, in turn during the drop this form does not make possible for sandwich to overturn.

In this form they threw sandwich from the small height. The results of experience showed that 29 times of 50 it fell by the nenamazannoy side downward.

The authors of a study Adam savadzh By dzhemmi Of khineman explained: "now the law of sandwich is substituted" by the law of leaf ". Visualize the sheet, which fell from the tree. It always falls by the bent edges upward. In exactly the same manner and bread with butter. In the bent state, with the correct smearing, it compulsorily will fall by the elevated edges upward ".

Intellect is directly connected with the size of the head

Doctor Katarina R. Geyl from The sautgemptonskeyeo university, Great Britain, headed the group of scientists, which investigated the influence of an increase in the head of man in the embryonic period and in the early childhood (of up to 8 years) on his mental abilities. The dimensions of the head of children were measured many times during their life. Also at age 4 and 8 years in children were tested mental abilities.

On the basis of the obtained results, uchennye came to these conclusions: from an increase in the head of child in the embryonic period and in the early childhood his intellect depends. Moreover, an increase of the grasp of head at the elder age in no way affects the development of mind. Moreover, large head in the childhood guarantees the normal work of the brain in the old age.

Old men, who have the larger grasp of head, preserve clear mind in the old years and do not suffer from Alzheimer's disease.

The results of a study are printed in the periodical of the American academy of pediatrics.

Scientists compared the brain of man with the computer

Researchers from the university of Colorado came to the unexpected conclusion: some parts of the brain of man, which correspond for the cognitive process, function approximately just as computer.

A computer use the electronic switches, which direct signals. The same operating principle use frontal parts and basal nucleus of brain, in which the role of switches carry out the neurons.

However, as reports Washington ProFile, the "komp'yuteropodobnye" parts of the human brain make it possible not only to accumulate and to process information, but also to carry out there are many other functions - for example to make decisions, to operate with abstract symbols and so forth, etc.

The principle of the magnetism prevails above the stores

Is ancient prayer about three important factors of the success of any store - place, place and again place - is confirmed by new mathematical model. It can soak to retail merchants accurately determine profitable sections for its stores.

Physicist Pablo Of khensen from Ecole Normale Superieure in Lyon, France, analyzed reports about the position pain 8.500 retail commercial points of city. He established that the stores have a tendency to form uniform groups.

For example, meat benches be nearby with the stores of delicacies, and laundries with the book stores. The stores of one and the same group, it seemed, attract each other, while different groups are attempted to run away each other.

Khensen, using theory of magnetism, calculated number Q for the stores, based on the proximity of attractive and distance of the repellent enterprises of trade. Q designates the fitness of section for the specific type of the store: the higher the number, the better the section.

In order to verify its forecasts, Khensen calculated Q for all bakeries in Lyon in 2003 and 2005. They were shut in this time of 19 enterprises of this profile, and Khensen determined, that their average number Q was considerably lower than the average number for all other bakeries. "the bakeries, which were shut, simply had unsuccessful position", notes scientist (Physical Review E, vol 74, p 035101).

The now lion Chamber of Commerce and Industry uses the developed model so that you soak to the owners to find profitable places for their stores.

Astronomers could glance inside the quasar

Astronomers Sin'yuy Dai from the university of Pennsylvania and Kristofer Of kochanek from the university of Ohio they made that the fact that very recently could not be represented: they glanced inside the quasars, they examined their structure and we could confirm the presence of black holes in these objects.

For a period of decades the quasars remained riddle for the scientists. Their nature became more- less clear if and only if was formed idea about the fact that quasar - nothing else but the active galaxy, in center of which is located massive black hole.

However, these space "in' and Jan", in which were mixed the brightest itself that not on are black objects, for long was brought into question the correctness of the existed ideas.

Moreover although the quasars emit very strong emission, they are so distant (at a distance of billions light years), that even in the most powerful telescopes they appear by point luminous sources.

Problem in the fact that to increase image so is not simple: as is known, each additional device creates deviations, and the improvement of this technology - separate question, which requires time and means.

There are no these deficiencies does not have the "natural" method of gravitational linzirovaniya, which used Dai and Kochanek for investigating the quasars Rxj1131-1231 and Q2237+0305.

It is interesting that the images, which in this study came out because of the linziruyushchim galaxies, proved to be such informative which, according to the scientists, was possible even to examine the internal structure of each quasar and to see, where in them black holes are located.

In order to explain these details, by scientists it was necessary to conduct mathematical processing of data (information, obtained in the optical and X-ray ranges) with the aid of software, which developed Kochanek. This stage of work was conducted on the 48- processor computer, and calculations for each quasar continued approximately one week, reports MEMBRANA.

By the way, according to the researchers, neither Rxj1131-1231 nor Q2237+0305 nothing uncommon as quasars represent - furthermore that they are well increased by gravitational lenses.

By the way, the scientist and his group collect information on twenty such means to the "linzirovannym" quasars, which are already undertaken the note. So that soon, possibly, we learn the new details, connected with these little studied objects.